The Children, Young Persons, and Their Families (Vulnerable Children) Amendment Act introduced ‘Subsequent child’ provisions to the Oranga Tamariki Act 1989, as part of a ‘package of reforms to address child abuse and neglect’. The new provisions, under sections 18A–18D of the Oranga Tamariki Act 1989, applied where parents who had previously had a child removed from their care intended to care for, or were caring for, subsequent children. The provisions placed the onus on those parents to ‘prove that they are unlikely to inflict or allow the same harm that resulted in the first child being removed from their care’.[i]